AmScope SM-4B-80S Professional Binocular Stereo Zoom Microscope, WH10x Eyepieces, 7X-45X Magnification, 0.7X-4.5X Zoom Objective, 80-Bulb LED Ring Light, Double-Arm Boom Stand, 90V-265V Review

AmScope SM-4B-80S Professional Binocular Stereo Zoom Microscope, WH10x Eyepieces, 7X-45X Magnification, 0.7X-4.5X Zoom Objective, 80-Bulb LED Ring Light, Double-Arm Boom Stand, 90V-265V

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  • Professional stereo microscope with boom stand has long working distance to enable users to perform work or manipulate large items, including circuit boards and dental appliances
  • Binocular viewing head with pair of 10x super-widefield eyepieces, adjustable interpupillary distance, fixed 45-degree vertical inclination to reduce eye and neck strain, and 360-degree rotation capability to enable sharing
  • 0.7x-4.5x zoom objective provides continuous zoom magnification and longer focal length for inspecting large-scale specimens
  • Removable rheostat-controlled 80-bulb LED ring light provides intensity control and bright, cool light for working with temperature-sensitive or live specimens
  • Double-arm boom stand has 20″ arms and 17″ pillar to enable users to position the microscope head on three axes (X, Y, and Z)

The AmScope SM-4B-80S professional stereo zoom microscope has a pair of 10x super-widefield high-eyepoint eyepieces, a 0.7x-4.5x zoom objective, and a double-arm boom stand. The microscope has an overall magnification range of 7x-45x. The binocular viewing head has an interpupillary range of 55 to 75mm, a 45-degree inclination to reduce eye and neck strain, and 360-degree rotation to enable sharing. The WH10x20mm super-widefield high-eyepoint eyepieces combine with the 0.7x-4.5x zoom objective to provide continuous zoom magnification and a longer working distance for inspecting large-scale specimens that require handling or repair. High-eyepoint eyepieces ease viewing for users who wear glasses, and dioptric adjustment accommodates individual eye-strength differences. A stereo microscope, sometimes called an inspection or dissection microscope, has low magnification and a long working distance that enables users to manipulate the object being inspected.

The removable 80-bulb LED ring light provides bright, cool light for working with temperature-sensitive or live specimens. The ring light provides shadow-free illumination, and a rheostat controls the amount of light emanating from the lamp. Power and adjustment controls are located on the light head. The light has a 100,000-hour life span and a 90V-265V variable power supply. The microscope has a double-arm boom stand that enables users to position the microscope head on all three axes (X, Y, and Z). Bilateral focus eases use for left- and right-handed users. The stand has 20″ double arms, and a 30″ overall length. The pillar is 17″ and the focus rack has a 3″ diameter. The solid cast-steel base is 2 x 8-1/4 x 10-1/4 inches (H x W x D, where H is height, the vertical distance from the lowest to highest point; W is width, the horizontal distance from left to right; D is depth, the horizontal distance from front to back).

Specifications
Head Binocular
Magnification range 7x-45x
Zoom objective power 0.7x-4.5x
Eyepieces (DIN, 30mm) WH10x20mm high-eyepoint
Zoom range 6.5:1
Field of view 1-1/4″
Optical working distance Up to 4″
Microscope stand Double-arm boom stand
Head movement X-, Y-, and Z-axes
Illumination type Episcopic (reflected)
Light source 80-bulb LED ring light
Power 90V-265V

Microscopes are instruments used to enhance the resolution of an object or image. Types include compound, stereo, or digital. Compound microscopes use a compound optical system with an objective lens and an eyepiece. Stereo microscopes show object depth in a three-dimensional image. Digital microscopes are used to display an image on a monitor, rather than looking through a lens. Microscopes can have monocular (one), binocular (two), or trinocular (three) eyepieces, with varying magnification abilities. Magnification ability refers to the size of an image. Resolution, also known as resolvant power, refers to the clarity of the image. The interaction between field of view (FOV), numerical aperture (NA), and working distance (WD) determines resolution. Microscopes can control magnification through a fixed focus, or through a range of adjustments. They can also utilize LED, fluorescent, and mirror light sources to help control viewing capabilities. Microscopes are widely used in education, lab research, biology, metallurgy, engineering, chemistry, manufacturing, and in the medical, forensic science, and veterinary industries.

United Scope manufactures microscopy equipment and accessories under the brand name AmScope. The company, founded in 1996, is headquartered in Irvine, CA.

What’s in the Box?

  • AmScope SM-4B-80S stereo zoom microscope with double-arm boom stand
  • WH10x20mm eyepieces, 30mm, one pair
  • 0.7x-4.5x zoom objective
  • 80-bulb LED ring light (LED-80S)
  • Focus rack
  • Eye guards, one pair
  • Instructions

Nikon 8 x 21mm CF Sprint II Binoculars (Green) 7331 Review

Nikon 8 x 21mm CF Sprint II Binoculars (Green) 7331

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  • Compact and lightweight
  • Multilayer-coated lenses for a bright image
  • Close focusing distance of 3m
  • Stylish design and body color
  • Rubber coating for comfortable grip

Size:8×21

Product description

Ultimate Portability
: The SPRINT II 8X21 combines ultimate portibility with exceptional styling and crystal clear optics. These lightweight binoculars with quick central focusing are the ideal travel companion.

Features:
Compact and lightweight
Multilayer-coated lenses for a bright image
Quick Central Focusing
Close focusing distance of 3m
Diopter control for strain-free viewing
Stylish design and body colour
Rubber coating for comfortable grip
BaK4 high index prisms

Additional Specifications::
Length 4.0 in
Width 4.7 in
Weight 8.5 oz
Enclosure Color: Khaki
Body Material: Polycarbonate

Optical System
Magnification: 8
Objective Lens Diameter: 21.0 mm
Prism System: Porro
Exit Pupil: 2.6 mm
Eye Relief: 11.3 mm
Focus System: Center focus
Lens Coating: Multicoated
Min Focus Range 10.0 ft
Focus Adjustment: Manual
Max View Angle: 6.3 degrees
Relative Brightness: 6.8
Features: Rubber coating

Manufacturer Warranty
Service & Support 25 years warranty
Service & Support Details Limited warranty – Parts and labor – 25 years

What’s in the Box:
SPRINT II 8X21 Binoculars
Binoculars Strap
Pouch
Warranty Card

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With a compact design and an attractive brushed-titanium finish, the Nikon Medallion are a great companion for all your adventures, from hunting expeditions and bird watching to sporting events and concerts. The BaK4 high-index prisms and precision ground-and-polished multicoated lenses deliver superior color rendition and maximize light transmission. Its ergonomic, polycarbonate body fits the contour of the hand and allows long viewing sessions without user fatigue. The Medallion binocular weighs 8.5 ounces and measures 3.7 by 7.6 by 1.75 inches.

More features:

  • Central focusing permits fast, easy, and precise focusing at all distances
  • Diopter control allows easy compensation for common left eye-right eye vision imbalance
  • Internal blackening minimizes reflective light loss
  • Rubber eyecups can be folded back for use with eyeglasses

See all Product description

Eschenbach MaxDetail Binocular Glasses Review

Eschenbach MaxDetail Binocular Glasses

Perhaps you know the problem all too well…You need to use both hands when you’re working with delicate components and could do with a third hand to hold the magnifying glass so that you can see the small details. With MaxDetail you can keep both hands free because these magnifying spectacles are worn just like normal glasses. Do you have trouble reading books newspapers the print on computer screens labels on medicine bottles ingredients on food packages train schedules recipes menus in restaurants or your mail? Eschenbach has manufactured a new product that will take the effort out of all of these activities and make them as easy to do as they once were. Introducing Eschenbach MAXDetail glasses! These hands-free head-mounted glasses provide 2x magnification and can be adjusted so that each eye lens can be focused separately [±3 diopters] making the system adaptable to most patients. The glasses will focus on near objects with working distances of 16 inches and are perfect for any near viewing activity where a magnified image is helpful. Ideal for: Model-makingHandicraftsReadingPaintingRestoration workSolderingTesting/inspection workWatchmakersBeauticians Features: Very simple to use due to large PD tolerance rangeSupplied with attachable temple ends which prevent the spectacles from slipping down the noseExcellent image quality due to large focusing rangeAlso suitable for spectacle wearers as they have right and left diopter compensation that can be separately adjusted Technical information: Magnification: 2xWeight: 49 gramsPD tolerance range: 60 – 68 mm (PD = pupillary distance the distance between your pupils)Working distance: approx. 16 inchesVisual field: 10-degrees 15 cm/40 cmDiopter compensation: 3.

AmScope SM-2T-LED Professional Trinocular Stereo Zoom Microscope, WH10x Eyepieces, 7X-45X Magnification, 0.7X-4.5X Zoom Objective, Upper and Lower LED Lighting, Pillar Stand, 110V-120V Review

AmScope SM-2T-LED Professional Trinocular Stereo Zoom Microscope, WH10x Eyepieces, 7X-45X Magnification, 0.7X-4.5X Zoom Objective, Upper and Lower LED Lighting, Pillar Stand, 110V-120V

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  • Professional stereo microscope with pillar stand has long working distance to enable users to perform work or manipulate large items, including circuit boards and dental appliances
  • Trinocular viewing head with pair of 10x super-widefield eyepieces, adjustable interpupillary distance, fixed 45-degree vertical inclination to reduce eye and neck strain, and 360-degree rotation capability to enable sharing
  • 0.7x-4.5x zoom objective provides continuous zoom magnification and longer focal length for inspecting large-scale specimens
  • Rheostat-controlled upper and lower LED light provides intensity control and bright, cool light for working with temperature-sensitive or live specimens, frosted stage plate allows light to pass through from below with transparent specimens, and reversible black and white stage plate provides contrast with light- and dark-colored specimens
  • Pillar-style table stand with bilateral coarse focus and stage clips to secure the specimen during viewing

The AmScope SM-2T-LED professional trinocular stereo zoom microscope has a pair of 10x super-widefield high-eyepoint eyepieces, a 0.7x-4.5x zoom objective, and a pillar stand. The microscope has an overall magnification range of 7x-45x. The trinocular viewing head has an interpupillary range of 55 to 75mm, a 45-degree inclination to reduce eye and neck strain, and 360-degree rotation to enable sharing. The vertical trinocular port can be used as a C-Mount or 23mm photo port (camera sold separately). The WH10x20mm super-widefield high-eyepoint eyepieces combine with the 0.7x-4.5x zoom objective to provide continuous zoom magnification and a longer working distance for inspecting large-scale specimens that require handling or repair. High-eyepoint eyepieces ease viewing for users who wear glasses, and dioptric adjustment accommodates individual eye-strength differences. A stereo microscope, sometimes called an inspection or dissection microscope, has low magnification and a long working distance that enables users to manipulate the object being inspected.

The microscope has upper (episcopic) illumination that reflects light off the specimen for enhanced visibility of opaque specimens, and lower (diascopic) illumination that transmits light up through the specimen for enhanced visibility of translucent and transparent objects. The upper LED ring light provides shadow-free illumination, and can be removed to provide access to the objectives. A frosted stage plate allows light to pass through from below with transparent specimens, a reversible black and white stage plate provides contrast with light- and dark-colored specimens, and stage clips secure the specimen during viewing. Both lights have a rheostat to control the amount of light emanating from the lamp. The pillar-style stand has bilateral coarse focus to ease use for left- and right-handed users. All metal construction is durable and the enamel finish is stain-resistant.

Specifications
Head Trinocular
Magnification range 7x-45x
Zoom objective power 0.7x-4.5x
Eyepieces (DIN, 30mm) WH10x20mm high-eyepoint
Trinocular port C-Mount or 23mm
Field of view 1-1/4″
Optical working distance Up to 4″
Microscope stand Pillar stand
Head movement X-axis
Illumination type Episcopic (reflected) and diascopic (transmitted)
Light source LED
Power 110V-120V

Microscopes are instruments used to enhance the resolution of an object or image. Types include compound, stereo, or digital. Compound microscopes use a compound optical system with an objective lens and an eyepiece. Stereo microscopes show object depth in a three-dimensional image. Digital microscopes are used to display an image on a monitor, rather than looking through a lens. Microscopes can have monocular (one), binocular (two), or trinocular (three) eyepieces, with varying magnification abilities. Magnification ability refers to the size of an image. Resolution, also known as resolvant power, refers to the clarity of the image. The interaction between field of view (FOV), numerical aperture (NA), and working distance (WD) determines resolution. Microscopes can control magnification through a fixed focus, or through a range of adjustments. They can also utilize LED, fluorescent, and mirror light sources to help control viewing capabilities. Microscopes are widely used in education, lab research, biology, metallurgy, engineering, chemistry, manufacturing, and in the medical, forensic science, and veterinary industries.

United Scope manufactures microscopy equipment and accessories under the brand name AmScope. The company, founded in 1996, is headquartered in Irvine, CA.

What’s in the Box?

  • AmScope SM-2T-LED stereo zoom microscope with pillar stand
  • WH10x20mm eyepieces, 30mm, one pair
  • 0.7x-4.5x zoom objective
  • Focus rack
  • Eye guards, one pair
  • Frosted stage plate
  • Reversible stage plate
  • Stage clips, one pair
  • Dust cover
  • Instructions

Celestron 44102 400x Power Laboratory Biological Microscope Review

Celestron 44102 400x Power Laboratory Biological Microscope

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  • Feature-packed entry-level biological microscope at an economical price, with five prepared slides included
  • 10x eyepiece and 4x, 10x, and 40x objective lenses combine to provide powers of 40x, 100x, and 400x
  • Fully coated glass optics, all-metal body with monocular head, 5-poisition disc diaphragm
  • 50 mm (2″) mirror provides illumination, while a basic condenser concentrates light onto the specimen
  • Adjustable arm (0° to 60°) for comfortable viewing, coarse and fine focus knobs

Product Description

The Celestron 400x Laboratory Biological Microscope is an all-metal bodied microscope with fully coated glass optics and advanced features usually offered on only higher priced microscopes, like a basic condenser and 5-position disc diaphragm. With both coarse and fine focus knobs, 3 objective lenses, an adjustable head (0° to 60°), and 5 specimen slides, it’s a great entry-level microscope that will last for years.

A condenser concentrates and focuses light when using high-power objective lenses. Since these lenses tend to have very small apertures, a condenser combined with an iris diaphragm provides increased illumination and resolution. You can easily adjust brightness, contrast, depth of field, and evenness of illumination on your specimen.

From the Manufacturer

The Celestron 400x Laboratory Biological Microscope is an all-metal bodied microscope with fully coated glass optics and advanced features usually offered on only higher priced microscopes, like a basic condenser and 5-position disc diaphragm. With both coarse and fine focus knobs, 3 objective lenses, an adjustable head (0° to 60°), and 5 specimen slides, it’s a great entry-level microscope that will last for years.

A condenser concentrates and focuses light when using high-power objective lenses. Since these lenses tend to have very small apertures, a condenser combined with an iris diaphragm provides increased illumination and resolution. You can easily adjust brightness, contrast, depth of field, and evenness of illumination on your specimen.

Nikon Monarch 5 12×42 ED ATB Waterproof/Fogproof Binoculars with Case + Harness + Tripod Adapter & Monopod + Kit Review

Nikon Monarch 5 12x42 ED ATB Waterproof/Fogproof Binoculars with Case + Harness + Tripod Adapter & Monopod + Kit

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  • KIT INCLUDES 6 PRODUCTS — All BRAND NEW Items with all Manufacturer-supplied Accessories + Full USA Warranties:
  • [1] Nikon Monarch 5 12×42 ED ATB Waterproof / Fogproof Binoculars with Case +
  • [2] Op/Tech USA Bino/Cam Harness +
  • [3] Rokinon 67″ Monopod & Case + [4] Binocular Tripod Adapter +
  • [5] FogKlear Dry Anti-Fog Cloth + [6] PD Spudz Microfiber Cloth

Style:12×42  |  Product Packaging:Retail

Kit includes:
♦ 1) Nikon Monarch 5 12×42 ED ATB Waterproof / Fogproof Binoculars with Case
♦ 2) Op/Tech USA Elastic Bino/Cam Quick Release Harness for Binoculars & Cameras
♦ 3) Rokinon M67 67″ Pro Monopod with Case
♦ 4) Binocular Tripod Adapter
♦ 5) Lenspen FogKlear Dry Anti-Fog Cleaning Cloth
♦ 6) Precision Design Spudz Microfiber Cleaning Cloth (with Clip & Case)

Designed for a lifetime of tough hunts and observing nature, the Nikon Monarch 5 12×42 ED ATB Waterproof/Fogproof Binoculars maximizes every hour spent in the field with bright, high-resolution views. The Monarch 5 features multicoated eco-glass lenses and a sleek, lightweight body. The rugged, waterproof design includes a protective rubber-armored coating for use in all types of weather. Protect the lenses with the flip-down lens covers. Padded case included.

The Op/Tech Elastic Bino/Cam Harness self-adjusts to comfortably balance gear while in use or in the idle position against the body. The unique loop attachment system enables the harness to quickly snap in place using Uni-Loop quick disconnects (included with harness). This elastic version allows your camera or binoculars to be held tighter against the body in the idle position and stretches so the camera or binoculars can be comfortably brought up to the eyes for use.

This 67-inch monopod is made of strong, lightweight black aluminum, and features a 4-section leg with horizontal flip-locks. Also features a non-slip rubber foot, padded grip, and a carrying case.

Mount your binoculars to virtually any tripod with this handy Binocular Tripod Adapter. 1/4-inch threading at the top attaches to any tripod-adaptable binoculars. Base fits directly onto any standard tripod.

The Lenspen FogKlear Dry Anti-Fog Cleaning Cloth provides amazing anti-fog protection whenever you need it.

AmScope M158C-2L-E3 40X-1000X Cordless LED Top & Bottom Lights Compound Microscope + 3MP USB Camera Review

AmScope M158C-2L-E3 40X-1000X Cordless LED Top & Bottom Lights Compound Microscope + 3MP USB Camera

This high power digital microscope has an incident and transmitted illumination system. Designed for students to learn science, it comes with full optical glass elements, metal framework, 360 degree rotatable monocular head, coarse & fine focusing, 2MP USB digital camera, and top & bottom LED lights that use either an outlet (adapter included) or three AA batteries (or re-chargeable batteries). It can view transparent biological slides and/or opaque objects like stamps and coins. It offers five magnification settings, 40X, 100X, 250X, 400X and 1000X. The digital camera captures still images and video, and allows you to view a live stream on your PC. The included software for Windows offers image-development and measurement tools, as well as advanced compositing features such as image-stitching and extended-depth-of-focus. Independent preview and capture resolutions allow you to view high-speed video while capturing high-definition images. On Mac computers, the camera can be used as a driverless imaging device, compatible with various applications, such as ProScope and Photo Booth.. This is an ideal microscope for academics in home school and from students in elementary to high school. A microscope of this caliber is an excellent instrument for hobbyists. It comes brand new in a factory sealed box.

Hecate 136 Professional Lab Binocular Biological Compound Microscope, 40X-2500X Magnification Review

Hecate 136 Professional Lab Binocular Biological Compound Microscope, 40X-2500X Magnification

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  • Achromatic objectives:4x, 10x, 40x , and 100x .magnification:40X-2500X
  • N.A=1.25 abbe condenser with iris diaphragm for clear examination and light control
  • Dual observation head,one tube 45 degree inclined and another tube vertical
  • Double-Layer Mechanical Stage, LED Illumination, Coaxial coarse and fine adjustment
  • Package:a microscope,manual, a warranty card,;WF10X(2),WF16X(2),WF25X(2)

From Manufacture:
Hecate 136 binocular professional multi-purpose biological compound microscope,40X-2500X magnification is an all-metal biological microscope with fully coated glass optics and advanced features usually offered on only higher priced microscopes, monocular head microscope with plain stage, 4X, 10X, 40X, 100X achromatic objective. it’s a great entry-level microscope that will last for years.

Product features:
Viewing head: Compensation free binocular head inclined at 45 degree;
Huygens eyepieces: H10X, H16 and H25X;
Achromatic objective: 4X,10X,40X,100X;
Stage: double layer mechanical stage, size is 115mm*125mm;
Focusing: Coaxial coarse and fine adjustment, focusing range 30mm, focusing interval 0.02mm;
Condenser: Abbe NA=1.25 with iris diaphragm and filter;
Illumination: LED lamp 220V/6V20W or 110V/6V20W;

What is in the box:
1 x YBB Binocular Microscope
Standard Objectives, 4X, 10X, 40X & 100X
Widefield 10X, 16X and 25X Eyepieces,Sample Immersion Oil
User’s Microscope Manual

Hawke 39201 Sapphire ED 8×42 Binocular, Hinge Type: Top, Color: Green, ED Glass Review

Hawke 39201 Sapphire ED 8x42 Binocular, Hinge Type: Top, Color: Green, ED Glass

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  • Extra-low dispersion glass for optimum clarity
  • Fully multi-coated optics to produce sharp images
  • Dielectric coatings provide increased light reflectivity

Extra-low dispersion glass for optimum clarity. Fully multi-coated optics to produce sharp Images. Dielectric coatings provide increased light reflectivity

Nikon 7247 Action 16×50 EX Extreme All-Terrain Binocular Review

Nikon 7247 Action 16x50 EX Extreme All-Terrain Binocular

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  • Rugged Waterproof, Fog proof Construction
  • Bright, Multicoated Optics
  • Long Eye Relief for Eyeglass Wearers

Product Description

The Monarch ATB 42mm with Dielectric High-Reflective Multilayer Prism Coating binocular features brighter, sharper colors, crisp and drastically improved low-light performance. A new body style provides unparalleled strength and ruggedness in a package that is comfortable to carry all day. With rugged rubber armor for added durability and a firm grip even in the worst conditions, Nikon guarantees every ATB to be 100% waterproof and fog proof, each is backed by Nikon’s 25 Year Limited Warranty and No-Fault Repair/Replacement Policy. The new Monarch ATB 42mm with Dielectric High-Reflective Multilayer Prism Coating binocular is available in 8×42, 10×42 and 12×42. It is also available in Team REALTREE models with the REALTREE APG HD camouflage pattern.

From the Manufacturer

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The Monarch ATB 42mm with Dielectric High-Reflective Multilayer Prism Coating binocular features brighter, sharper colors, crisp and drastically improved low-light performance. A new body style provides unparalleled strength and ruggedness in a package that is comfortable to carry all day. With rugged rubber armor for added durability and a firm grip even in the worst conditions, Nikon guarantees every ATB to be 100% waterproof and fogproof, each is backed by Nikon’s 25 Year Limited Warranty and No-Fault Repair/Replacement Policy. The new Monarch ATB 42mm with Dielectric High-Reflective Multilayer Prism Coating binocular is available in 8×42, 10×42 and 12×42. It is also available in Team REALTREE models with the REALTREE APG HD camouflage pattern.

Technical Specs

Model 7×35 8×40 7×50 10×50 12×50 16×50
Magnification x 7 8 7 10 12 16
Objective Diameter 35 40 50 50 50 50
Angular FOV – Real 9.3 8.2 6.4 6.5 5.5 3.5
Angular FOV – Apparent 59.3 59.7 42.7 59.2 59.9 52.1
FOV @ 1000 yds 488 430 335 341 288 183
Close Focus Distance (ft.) 16.4 16.4 23 23 23 23
Exit Pupil (mm) 5 5 7.1 5 4.2 3.1
Relative Brightness 25 25 50.4 25 17.6 9.6
Eye Relief (mm) 17.3 17.2 17.1 17.2 16.1 17.8
Size (L&W) (in) 4.7 x 7.2 5.4 x 7.4 7 x 7.7 7 x 7.7 7 x 7.7 7 x 7.7
Weight (oz) 28.2 30.2 35.3 36 36.9 36.7

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Additional Action EX Highlights:


http://binocularstelescopes.tektron.top/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/NikonNo-FaultBinoSm._.jpgWarranty Information

Nikon is dedicated to quality, performance and total customer satisfaction. If your Nikon binocular, Spotting Scope or Fieldscope requires service or repair not covered by our 25 Year Limited Warranty, Nikon will repair or replace it (even it was your fault) for just $10, plus return shipping and handling.
Excludes – StabilEyes, Laser Rangefinders and Spotting Scope/Fieldscope eyepieces.

FAQ’s

Real field of view
Real field of view is the angle of the visible field, seen without moving the binoculars, measured from the central point of the objective lens. The larger the value is, the wider the viewfield available. For example, binoculars with a wider field of view are advantageous for locating fast-moving wild birds within the viewfield. This also applies for finding small nebulas or a cluster of stars in astronomical observations.

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Apparent field of view

Apparent field of view is the angle of the magnified field when you look through binoculars.
The larger the apparent field of view is, the wider the field of view you can see even at high magnifications.

With the conventional method used previously, the apparent field of view was calculated by multiplying the real field of view by the binocular magnification. (With this formula, apparent field of view wider than 65˚ is called wide field of view.)

After revision, Nikon’s figures are now based on the ISO 14132-1:2002 standard, and obtained by the following formula:

tan ω’ = τ x tan ω
Apparent field of view: 2ω’
Real field of view: 2ω
Magnification: τ
(With this formula, apparent field of view wider than 60° is called wide field of view.)

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For example, the apparent field of view of 8x binoculars with an 7.0°real field of view is as follows:
2ω’ = 2 x tan-1 (r x tan ω)

= 2 x tan-1 (8 x tan 3.5)
= 52.1
°

Relative Brightness
Relative brightness value is obtained by squaring the diameter of the exit pupil. The greater the relative brightness is, the brighter the image will be. With 8×42 binoculars, the brightness is (42÷8)2= 28.1. This means that if the magnification is the same, the larger the effective diameter of the objective lens, the brighter the image will be.

Do binoculars with the same exit pupil offer the same brightness?

No. Brightness may vary even if the exit pupil is the same. This is because the amount of light reaching the viewer’s eyes varies according to the number of lens elements and quality of lens/prism coatings. Superior optical design and highquality coating greatly contribute to the brightness of binoculars. Brightness values specified in product brochures, etc. are theoretical ones calculated in the design process. Please note these factors when comparing actual brightness values.

Prisms
Prisms are what let you see a correctly oriented image when you look through a pair of binoculars. There are two types of prisms in common use, Porro prisms and roof prisms.

Roof prisms are essentially in line inside the optical tubes, and make for a more compact set of binoculars. Roof prism binoculars have straight tubes (the front/objective lens is in line with the rear/ocular lens), and are therefore more compact, an important consideration for the sportsman. They usually have two pivot points between the tubes, and are more difficult to adjust to the spacing of your eyes. Roof prisms can give an optical image equal to the best Porro prisms, but for technical reasons they usually do not. To be really good, roof prism binoculars have to be in the high price class. Do not attempt to economize on roof prism binoculars.

Porro prism binoculars can be identified by their offset tubes; the objective lens is not in line with the ocular lens. The front lenses are usually closer together than the rear lenses, but the reverse can also be true, particularly in compact models. The Porro prism design is usually optically superior to the roof prism design, especially in medium priced class binoculars. Porro prism binoculars have a single pivot between the two halves of the binocular, and are therefore easy to adjust for the distance between your eyes.

Like roof prisms, not all Porro prisms are created equal. BAK-4 prisms are the best; they are made of superior optical glass that produces clearer images. These are what you want in your binoculars. BK-7 prisms are also used, usually in lower priced binoculars. These are satisfactory, but they are inferior to the BAK-4 prisms. Some manufacturers will not tell you what kind of prisms they use, usually because they are of inferior quality. BAK-4 prisms show a truer round, which translates to better light transmission and edge-to-edge sharpness

Prism Coatings
Multilayer coating is also applied to prisms to raise transmittance. A roof prism system has one surface that does not feature total internal reflection, so vapor deposition with metals, etc. must be used to raise the reflectivity of this surface. Also, phase-correction coating on roof surface ensures high-contrast images.
*Binoculars’ brightness and contrast are affected by not only prism coatings, but also the number of objective lens and eyepiece lens, and types of coatings.


https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/electronics/binoculars/nikon/Coatings._V202987056_.jpgMetal-vaporized, high-reflectivity prism coating
Using vacuum-vaporization technology, metallic material such as aluminum or silver is applied to the reverse side of a prism surface that is not totally reflective. This raises the reflectivity of the prism mirror surface.

Dielectric high-reflective multilayer prism coating
This coating features reflectance that exceeds 99%. By utilizing light interference, this coating assures high reflectivity across the full visible range, and ensures high color reproducibility.

https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/electronics/binoculars/nikon/ReflectiveCharacteristics._V202987021_.jpgReflectance characteristics of prism coatings on mirror surface
The horizontal axis indicates the wavelength of light. The vertical axis indicates the reflectance of light.
Binoculars’ brightness is determined not only by the reflective mirror, but also by the total optical system such as the number of lenses and quality of coatings.

Phase-correction coatinghttps://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/01/electronics/binoculars/nikon/PhaseCorrection._V202987059_.jpg
A roof (Dach) surface can cause phase shift of light that affects image resolution. This phenomenon is caused by phase differences arising from total light reflection on a roof (Dach) surface and it can occur with even a perfectly processed prism. Phase-correction coating is applied to the surface to minimize loss of resolution, ensuring high-contrast images.

Twilight Factor
The factor that has the greatest impact on resolution or image detail, will be dependent upon the amount of light available during the time of observation. During daylight hours, when your eye pupil size will be only about 2 to 3mm, magnification will be the principal factor in image resolution. At night, with the eye pupil dilated to 6 to 8mm, aperture size is the controlling factor. In twilight conditions both of these factors control resolution effectiveness and the twilight factor is the term that compares binocular performance under these conditions.

The twilight factor is calculated by taking the square root of the product of the magnification and the aperture. The higher the twilight factor, the better the resolution of the binocular when observing under dim light conditions. For example, a 10 X 40 (twilight factor 20) would effectively resolve better under these conditions than a 7 X 35 (twilight factor 15.4) even though the 10 X 40 has a smaller exit pupil. Remember, however, that the twilight factor does not take into account the transmittance or quality of the optical system.

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